Thanksgiving

A BRIEF HISTORY OF THANKSGIVING

After a sixty six day journey seeking religious freedom, the Pilgrims arrived in Massachusetts, far from their destination along the Hudson River. 

The Mayflower left England with 102 passengers. Of that only 35 were seeking freedom
from the Church Of England which they thought was corrupt. The remainder came seeking wealth.

With no suitable place to land most of the Pilgrims spent the first winter on board the Mayflower where many died from hunger and disease.

The Mayflower steered off course of the Jamestown settlements and
landed far north at Plymouth, Massachusetts. 

In early spring when they arrived on land they were surprised to be greeted by an ‘Abenaki Indian’ who already spoke English. A few days later he returned with ‘Squanto’ a Patuxet Indian who also spoke English*.

The Pilgrims were surprised to be greeted by English speaking
Native Americans.

Squanto took pity on the new settlers and taught them how to farm, gather wild berries, fish in the rivers and hunt. He also taught them how to avoid poisonous plants.

When Columbus "discovered" the new land, American Indians had been farming
 here for 4 thousand years. 

Squanto forged an alliance between the Pilgrims and the local Indian tribe, the Wampanoag.

The main three farm crops of the Wampanoag were corn, beans and squash. Wampanoag also farmed watermelon and sunflowers, gathered blueberries, cranberries, strawberries and hunted game. 

Grown in the same plot, the corn would grow tall, the beans would grow up using corn as a trellis
and the pumpkins would ramble on the ground where its fruit was protected from burning.

They taught the pilgrims how to collect maple sap and turn it into maple syrup.

Maple sugar is likely the oldest agricultural product in North America.
Before the Europeans arrived, native people had already perfected the craft. 

After the first successful corn harvest in November 1621 the leader of the Pilgrims, Governor William Bradford declared a celebration feast, which today is known as the First Thanksgiving.

It was the successful harvest of corn that saved the early settlers from
future winters of starvation.

Although there were earlier gatherings to “Thank God Almighty” in the colonies, one on December 4, 1619, it is the Pilgrims Thanksgiving we remember today. Thanksgiving gatherings were days of prayer, whereas the pilgrims included feasts.

The Wampanoag  Indians and the Plymouth settlers remained friends for over 50 years.
Later arriving Puritans seeking land and wealth would bring an end to peace.

The 50 surviving Pilgrims and 90 Wampanoag Indians had a three day feast which included five deer donated by the Wampanoag chief.

Squanto was the main guest of honor at the First Thanksgiving,

Today’s modern holiday feasts are marked by pies and sweet treats, but there were no sweets at the first Thanksgiving because the Pilgrims had already eaten all the maple syrup.

Throughout the decades afterwards Americans would occasionally celebrate a ‘National Day of Thanksgiving’.

In 1863 during the Civil War, President Abraham Lincoln established our annual Thanksgiving Day on the fourth Thursday of every November.

Thanksgiving has been an annual event every year since 1863.

*Before the arrival of the Pilgrims, Squanto and many other members the Patuxet tribe were captured by the British and brought back to England as slaves. The Patuxet tribe members remaining in America died from small pox transmitted by the English. Squanto who now spoke English was able to escape and return to America as a stowaway on another ship. Squanto died on November 30, 1622.  He was buried at Burial Hill, Plymouth, MA.  

Which brings us to our modern Thanksgiving day celebrations.

Happy Thanksgiving, James                                                   

Ornamental Kale

ORNAMENTAL KALE
FLOWERING CABBAGE 

Brassica oleracea

Plantings of Ornamental Kale and Flowering Cabbage add
drama to this city scape on a rainy winter day.

After Chrysanthemum flowers fade away and squirrels have eaten the pumpkins, ‘Ornamental Kale’ or ‘Flowering Cabbage’ still brings color to the late autumn garden. These beautiful plants are prized for their brightly colored foliage which becomes more intense when temperatures drop below 50 degrees. 

As the tempatures drop,below 50  colors in the leaves become more intense. 

Ornamental Kale is in the same family as cabbage, broccoli, cauliflower and collars.  Although flowering kales are edible*, it is not delicious and is best used as a garnish on the bottom of the plate.

Flowering cabbage is easy to indentify by the rounded leaves with
resemble our common ediable cabbage. 

When you buy Ornamental kale at your local garden center select plants close to the size you want them when mature. Once root bound they will not grow much more than they already have in the pot.

Ornamental Kales have many different leaves with more being introduced every year. 

When you bring it home, plant them in the ground or transplant into another pot. Bury stems so that the lowest leaves are flush with the soil surface.

Ornamental kale requires a sunny location in a moderately moist rich soil.        Keep the plants moist. Kale and cabbage do not do tolerate drying out and will lose vigor quickly. Fully grown plants are approximately 15 inches tall and one foot wide.

The key to longivity is regular watering. 

When colder weather arrives pigments in the leaves will brighten, white pink or red. This is when they at the peak of their display. In addition to color kale leaves have many shapes, curly, frilly or ruffled.

The pure white leaves of this Kale would be the focal point of any winter garden. 

There are many different cultivars available today, ‘Peacock’, ‘Pigeon’, ‘Osaka’ and the ‘Tokyo’ to name a few. Home gardeners have a large selection to choose from. Pick the plants most pleasing to your eyes.

It is the colors and patterens on the leaves of Flowering cabbage  that gardeners find appealing. 

You can start seeds ten weeks before the expected frost date or purchase plugs at your local garden center. Growing them can be fun but you will have to battle beetles and insects to prevent them from chewing holes in the leaves. I only have space for a few pots so I use this opportunity to support my local garden nurseries.

If they survive the winter both the kales & cabbages will flower in the spring.

*As noted above, ornamental kale and flowering cabbage plants are edible, but they are tough and bitter.  To reduce their bitter taste, boil them, discard the water and then boil or sauté them in olive oil prior to serving.

The information in this article is from University of Wisconsin-Extension Garden Fact s (XHT1163) Susan Mahr, UW Horticulture Agent.

Happy gardening,

James