Wheat

THE HISTORY OF WHEAT  
(Triticum)

The history of modern western civilization would not have been possible without the cultivation of wheat.

Ancient wheat held its seeds tightly in the glumes making handpicking
 the seeds a hard and a tedious job.

Ten thousand years ago ancient people in Asia began to farm 'wild emmer' wheat in the area known as 'The Fertile Crescent' which includes Turkey. This was a major step forward for the 'origins of agriculture' but it was hard to release the seeds from the tightly enclosed glumes which encased the grains so it had to be handpicked, a slow and tedious process.  Emmer wheat is no longer in widespread use.

Early in human history people learned they could hybridize plants to
achieve their desired results.    

Five thousand years ago humans, most likely women* who did the farming, cultivated a wheat with softer glumes. This made it possible to harvest the grains by 'threshing'. Threshing enabled people to gather the grains by beating the wheat with sticks, making the process much faster. This new food source permitted tribes to settle in one area, farm and build villages, towns and eventually cities. This discovery marks the beginning of modern western civilization.

Women would plant and tend the fields but often the entire community would join together
to harvest and store the grains for winter.

In the modern era with the introduction of many other food sources from around the globe, wheat is the second most widely grown crop in the world (rice being number one and corn number three). There are over fifty thousand cultivars of wheat in existence. Different varieties of wheat are used to make bread, pasta, cakes and pastries. Wheat is also used to make couscous, beer, vodka and bio-fuel.

Although advancement was slow in agriculture, iron plows and horse drawn equipment
keep progress moving until the beginning of the 1900's.

Wheat is a member of the grass family. Humans cannot digest raw grass like many animals do but we do eat other parts such as the seeds. Today there are about ten thousand species of grasses worldwide. Other grasses we consume include rice, corn, sugar cane, oats, rye, millet and others.

Today many cultures and poor countries still depend on manpower
to grow and harvest the grains the eat.  

Today in America wheat is highly controversial because it contains a protein called gluten, which can trigger a harmful immune response in predisposed individuals.   However, for people who tolerate it, wheat especially whole grain wheat, can be a rich source of various antioxidants, vitamins, minerals, and fiber.

Today a modern, million dollar gluten free industry has developed.  For most non allergic Americans, wheat has many nutritional and digestive benefit.

Whole grain wheat is much higher in nutritional value and dietary fiber than processed wheat. The process to make white flour removes most of the positive nutritional value of the grain.

Wheat is the second most cultivated product in the world today
(rice is number one and corn is number three).

Throughout the history of Western civilization the fortunes of powerful empires depended greatly on the annual harvest of wheat. Today we take it for granted. Something to be thankful for as we celebrate the holiday season. 

For flavor, texture and nutritional value wheat deserves its place on the American table.
My mantra is "Everything in moderation".

*Scientist believe that woman also created language elevating human existence forever.

Enjoy The Holiday Season,

   James

Possums

POSSUMS

Pity the poor possum. Just the sight of one is enough to send shivers up the spines of many people, but if you take

time to look beyond that, possums are a truly fascinating creature.

Just the sight of a possum is enough to repel humans.
If we think possums are ugly, you can imagine what the think of us. 

Possums are the only marsupials in North America.  Like other marsupials, such as the kangaroo, possums have a pouch in which they feed and care for their young in the first stages of life.

The mother possum gives birth to 20 bee size young.

Attentive and devoted mothers, this female grooms the young in her pouch. 

During one of the most dangerous journeys of its life the young must climb from the birth canal up to the safety of its mothers pouch.  Once there it will hopefully find and latch onto one of only nine nipples. The remaining young do not survive. Needless to say possum have a very high infant death rate. With a life span of only two years, it's not easy being a possum.

These orphaned young are raised in a man made pouch to simulate
the safety and comfort of their mother. 

Called Opossum in many parts of the country, there are many attributes that make possums a partner and ally to farmers, gardeners and home owners.

Possums are the sanitation workers of the wild. Their diet consists of carrion (including the bones), rodents, insects, snails, slugs, eggs, fruit and frogs as well as dog and cat food. 


 Possums eat ticks which is very helpful in the fight against Lyme Disease in our region. It is common for possums to kill rats and cockroaches in their territory.

For more information on ticks see my post.
TICKS IN NEW JERSEY
Posted October 29, 2015

In intelligence testing, possum are better able to remember where they hid their food than rats, rabbits, cats and dogs. They can also find their way faster though a maze than rats and cats.

Possum have opposable thumbs on their hind legs which help them climb. The only other mammals with opposable thumb are primates which includes human beings.

Unlike the tails of most critters, possums have a 'prehensile' tail which they use to hang upside down and carry bundles of grass and nesting materials. This control function makes the tail a fifth appendage, like an extra hand.

A possum can control its tail muscles which works like a fifth hand.

Possum are mostly immune to rabies and venom from rattlesnakes, cottonmouths and other poisonous snakes

"Playing possum" is a well know defense which is an involuntary response like fainting rather than a conscious act.  They roll over, become stiff, close their eyes or stare off into space and bare their teeth while saliva forms around the teeth and a foul-smelling fluid is secreted from their glands. This state can last up to four hours and has proven a deterrent from predators looking for a fresh meal.

"Playing Possun" is an involuntary respond. Not only does the possum seem dead, it also send
off an order of decay to scare off predators searching for an easy fresh meal.  

Possum prefer to be in the wild and are not home invaders.  With these attributes in its favor, possums might be our secret best friend.  If you catch a possum in a have-a-heart type trap, don't transport it away, release it where it is.  It will control mice and pests in your area

Please, if you see a possum crossing the road, give it a break.  They don't run very fast.

Happy Thanksgiving,

James